Wahi a ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ʻike infrared i nā mea ʻike wela a me nā mea ʻike photon.

ʻIke wela

Hoʻohana ka mea ʻike wela i ka mea ʻike e hoʻomoʻa i ka radiation infrared e hana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela, a laila hele pū me nā loli i kekahi mau waiwai kino. ʻO ke ana ʻana i nā hoʻololi o kēia mau waiwai kino e hiki ke ana i ka ikehu a i ʻole ka mana e komo ai. Penei ke kaʻina hana kikoʻī: ʻO ka hana mua ʻo ia ke komo ʻana i ka radiation infrared e ka mea ʻike wela e piʻi ai ka wela; ʻO ka hana ʻelua, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau hopena wela o ka mea ʻike wela e hoʻololi i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela i hoʻololi i ka uila. ʻEhā ʻano hoʻololi waiwai kino i hoʻohana mau ʻia: ʻano wela wela, ʻano thermocouple, ʻano pyroelectric, a me ke ʻano pneumatic Gaolai.

# ʻAno wela

Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka mea wela i ka radiation infrared, piʻi ka mahana a hoʻololi ke kumu kūʻai. ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻololi kū'ē ʻana e like me ka ikehu hoʻoheheʻe infrared. ʻO nā mea ʻike infrared i hana ʻia ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūʻē ʻana ma hope o ke komo ʻana o kekahi mea i ka radiation infrared i kapa ʻia he thermistors. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Thermistors e ana i ka radiation thermal. ʻElua ʻano o nā thermistors: metala a me semiconductor.

R(T)=AT−CeD/T

R(T): waiwai kū'ē; T: wela; A, C, D: mau mea like ole me ka mea.

Loaʻa i ka thermistor metala kahi koena wela kūpono o ke kū'ē, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kona waiwai ma mua o ka semiconductor. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke kū'ē a me ka mahana he mea laina laina, a he ikaika ikaika ka wela wela. Hoʻohana nui ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ke ana wela;

ʻO nā thermistors semiconductor ka mea kū'ē, hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i ka radiation, e like me nā ala ala, nā ʻōnaehana pale ahi, a me ka huli ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka radiator thermal.

# ʻAno Thermocouple

ʻO Thermocouple, i kapa ʻia ʻo thermocouple, ʻo ia ka mea ʻike thermoelectric mua loa, a ʻo kāna kumu hana he hopena pyroelectric. Hiki i kahi hui i haku ʻia me ʻelua mau mea conductor e hoʻoulu i ka ikaika electromotive ma ka hui. ʻO ka hopena o ka thermocouple e loaʻa ana i ka radiation ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka wela wela, a ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao i kapa ʻia ʻo ka wela wela. ʻO ka hopena thermoelectric i kapa ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā e hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea conductor ʻelua i loko o kahi loop, i ka wā e ʻokoʻa ai ka mahana ma nā hui ʻelua, e hana ʻia kēia manawa i ka loop.

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka coefficient absorption, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka foil gula ʻeleʻele ma ka wela wela e hana i ka mea o ka thermocouple, hiki ke metala a semiconductor paha. Hiki ke hana i ka laina a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻano ʻāpana, a i ʻole he kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni i hana ʻia e ka ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻenehana photolithography. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā thermocouple ʻano hui no ke ana wela, a ʻo nā thermocouples ʻano kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi (ʻo ia ka nui o nā thermocouple ma ka moʻo) hoʻohana nui ʻia e ana i ka radiation.

ʻO ka manawa mau o ka thermocouple type infrared detector he ʻano nui, no laila ua lōʻihi ka manawa pane, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ka pinepine o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka radiation ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma lalo o 10HZ. Ma nā hoʻohana pono, hoʻopili pinepine ʻia kekahi mau thermocouple i ka moʻo e hana i kahi thermopile e ʻike ai i ka ikaika o ka radiation infrared.

# ʻAno Pyroelectric

Hana ʻia nā mea ʻike infrared Pyroelectric me nā kristal pyroelectric a i ʻole "ferroelectrics" me ka polarization. ʻO ke aniani Pyroelectric kahi ʻano kristal piezoelectric, nona kahi ʻano non-centrosymmetric. Ma ke kūlana kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole kūlike nā kikowaena hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole i kekahi mau kuhikuhi, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau kumukūʻai polarized ma ka ʻili aniani, i kapa ʻia ʻo spontaneous polarization. Ke hoʻololi ka mahana aniani, hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i ke kikowaena o nā kumukūʻai maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole o ke aniani, no laila e hoʻololi ke kumukūʻai polarization ma ka ʻili. ʻO ka maʻamau, hopu ʻia kona ʻili i nā koina lana i ka lewa a mālama i kahi kūlana kaulike uila. Aia ka ili o ka ferroelectric i loko o ke kaulike uila, i ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai nā kukuna infrared ma luna o kona ʻili, piʻi koke ka mahana o ka ferroelectric (pepa), hāʻule koke ka polarization ikaika, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka uku paʻa; ʻoiai ka hoʻololi mālie ʻana o ka uku lana ma ka ʻili. ʻAʻohe hoʻololi i ke kino ferroelectric kūloko.

I loko o ka manawa pōkole loa mai ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikaika polarization i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahana i ke kūlana kaulike uila ma luna o ka ʻili, ʻike hou ʻia nā uku lana nui ma ka ʻili o ka ferroelectric, e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o ka uku. Kapa ʻia kēia hanana ka hopena pyroelectric. No ka mea he lōʻihi ka manawa no ka uku manuahi e hoʻokaʻawale i ka uku paʻa ma luna o ka ʻili, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o kekahi mau kekona, a ʻo ka manawa hoʻomaha o ka polarization spontaneous o ke aniani he pōkole loa, ma kahi o 10-12 kekona, no laila ka Hiki i ke aniani pyroelectric ke pane i nā loli wela wikiwiki.

# Gaolai pneumatic type

Ke komo ke kinoea i ka radiation infrared ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i kekahi leo, e piʻi ka mahana a piʻi ke kaomi. ʻO ka nui o ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi e like me ka mana hoʻoheheʻe infrared i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, no laila hiki ke ana ʻia ka mana hoʻoheheʻe infrared. ʻO nā mea ʻike infrared i hana ʻia e nā loina ma luna nei i kapa ʻia nā ʻike kinoea, a ʻo ka Gao Lai tube he mea ʻike kinoea maʻamau.

ʻIke kiʻi kiʻi

Hoʻohana nā mea ʻike infrared Photon i kekahi mau mea semiconductor e hana i nā hopena photoelectric ma lalo o ka irradiation o ka radiation infrared e hoʻololi i nā waiwai uila o nā mea. Ma ke ana ʻana i nā loli i nā waiwai uila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka ikaika o ka radiation infrared. ʻO nā mea ʻike infrared i hana ʻia e ka hopena photoelectric i kapa ʻia he photon detectors. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki pane wikiwiki a me ke alapine pane kiʻekiʻe. Akā, pono ia e hana ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻano haiki ka hui ʻike.

E like me ke kumu hana o ka photon detector, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kahi photodetector waho a me kahi photodetector kūloko. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea nānā kiʻi kūloko i nā mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi, nā mea nānā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi a me nā mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi.

# Mea nānā kiʻi waho (mea hana PE)

Ke hiki mai ka malamalama ma ka ili o kekahi mau metala, metala oxides a semiconductors, inā nui ka ikehu photon, hiki i ka ʻili ke hoʻokuʻu i nā electrons. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he photoelectron emission, nona ka hopena photoelectric waho. ʻO nā pahu paʻi kiʻi a me nā paipu photomultiplier no kēia ʻano mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi. ʻO ka wikiwiki pane ka wikiwiki, a ma ka manawa like, he kiʻekiʻe loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huahana photomultiplier tube, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana photon hoʻokahi, akā he haiki ka lōʻihi hawewe, a ʻo ka lōʻihi loa he 1700nm wale nō.

# Mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi

Ke komo ka semiconductor i nā kiʻi hanana, hoʻololi kekahi mau electrons a me nā puka o ka semiconductor mai kahi kūlana ʻole i kahi kūlana manuahi e hiki ke hoʻokele i ka uila, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka conductivity o ka semiconductor. Kapa ʻia kēia hanana ka hopena photoconductivity. ʻO nā meaʻike infrared i hanaʻia e ka hopena photoconductive o nā semiconductors i kapaʻia he photoconductive detectors. I kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia o ka ʻike photon.

# Mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi (PU)

I ka wā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ai ka uila infrared ma ka hui PN o kekahi mau hale semiconductor, ma lalo o ka hana o ke kahua uila i ka hui PN, neʻe nā electrons manuahi i ka wahi P i ka ʻāpana N, a neʻe nā puka i ka wahi N i ka P wahi. Inā hāmama ka hui PN, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mana uila hou ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hui PN i kapa ʻia ke kiʻi electromotive force. ʻO nā mea ʻike i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hopena electromotive kiʻi i kapa ʻia he photovoltaic detectors a i ʻole junction infrared detectors.

# Mea ʻike magnetoelectric Optical

Hoʻopili ʻia kahi māla magnetic ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hāpana. Ke komo ka ʻili semiconductor i nā kiʻi, hoʻolaha ʻia nā electrons a me nā lua i loko o ke kino. I loko o ke kaʻina hana hoʻopuehu, hoʻopau ʻia nā electron a me nā lua i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hāpana ma muli o ka hopena o ke kahua magnetic lateral. Aia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Kapa ʻia kēia hanana ka hopena opto-magnetoelectric. ʻO nā mea ʻike i hana ʻia me ka hopena photo-magnetoelectric i kapa ʻia he photo-magneto-electric detectors (i kapa ʻia ʻo nā mea PEM).